Behavioral addiction tendencies and associated psychosocial factors in faculty members
Yazarlar
Esma Akpinar Aslan- Figen Unal DemirDosyalar
Öz
Objective: Behavioral addictions may be associated with psychological symptoms and work-related factors. However, studies evaluating multiple behavioral addiction domains among faculty members remain limited. This study aimed to investigate behavioral addiction tendencies and associated psychosocial factors among faculty members.
Methods: This cross-sectional online study included 202 faculty members. Participants completed an online survey consisting of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS), Smartphone Addiction Scale–Short Version (SAS-SV), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF), Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS 2.0), and Online Gambling Addiction Scale (OGAS). Group comparisons and correlation analyses were performed.
Results: Behavioral addiction tendencies were observed at varying levels among faculty members, with work addiction, smartphone addiction, and social media addiction showing the highest scores. Depression, anxiety, and stress were positively associated with work addiction, smartphone addiction, social media addiction, and internet gaming disorder scores. Faculty members working more than 40 hours per week had significantly higher work addiction scores. Smartphone use, social media use, and gaming-related behaviors were positively associated with one another, whereas online gambling/betting tendencies demonstrated a distinct pattern.
Conclusion: Behavioral addiction tendencies in faculty members appear to be associated with psychological symptoms and selected work-related characteristics. These findings contribute to the limited literature examining multiple behavioral addiction domains among faculty members and highlight the importance of considering behavioral addictions within a broader psychosocial context.
Referanslar
Ağargün, M. Y., Kara, H., & Anlar, O. (1996). Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi’nin geçerliği ve güvenirliği [The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107–115.
Akpinar Aslan, E., Batmaz, S., Celikbas, Z., Kılıncel, O., Hizli Sayar, G., & Unubol, H. (2021). Prevalence of risk for substance-related and behavioral addictions among university students in Turkey. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21023
Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C., Broström, A., Bülow, P., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M., Ohayon, M., & Pakpour, A. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 47, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.004
Alimoradi, Z., Lotfi, A., Lin, C. Y., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). Estimation of behavioral addiction prevalence during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Addiction Reports, 9(4), 486–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-022-00435-6
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Andrade, L., & Viñán-Ludeña, M. (2025). Mapping research on ICT addiction: A comprehensive review of internet, smartphone, social media, and gaming addictions. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1578457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1578457
Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(3), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x
Arıcak, O. T., Dinç, M., Yay, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Adapting the short form of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 5(4), 615–636. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.4.0027
Austin, H. A., Chamberlain, S. R., Grant, J. E., & Baldwin, D. S. (2024). Sleep problems and gambling disorder: Cross-sectional relationships in a young cohort. Journal of Gambling Studies, 40(4), 2141–2151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10335-1
Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
Brand, M., Young, K. S., & Laier, C. (2014). Prefrontal control and internet addiction: A theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
Clark, M., Michel, J., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S., & Baltes, B. (2016). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836–1873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314522301
Çelik, M., Ay, G., & Bayazıt, M. (2023). Akademisyenlerin iş yükü algısının iş doyumu üzerine etkisi [The effect of academicians' perception of workload on job satisfaction]. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 10(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.1260593
Dellosa, G., & Browne, M. (2024). The influence of age on gambling problems worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk among younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 13(3), 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2024.00051
Demirci, İ. (2019). Bergen sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileriyle ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi [The adaptation of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale to Turkish and its evaluation of relationship with depression and anxiety symptoms]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(Suppl. 1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.41585
Dong, G. H., & Potenza, M. N. (2022). Considering gender differences in the study and treatment of internet gaming disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 153, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.057
Dutheil, F., Charkhabi, M., Ravoux, H., Brousse, G., Dewavrin, S., Cornet, T., Mondillon, L., Han, S., Pfabigan, D., Baker, J. S., Mermillod, M., Schmidt, J., Moustafa, F., & Pereira, B. (2020). Exploring the link between work addiction risk and health-related outcomes using Job-Demand-Control model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), Article 7594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207594
Fauth-Bühler, M., & Mann, K. (2015). Neurobiological correlates of internet gaming disorder: Similarities to pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.004
Fournier, L., Schimmenti, A., Musetti, A., Boursier, V., Flayelle, M., Cataldo, I., Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. (2023). Deconstructing the components model of addiction: An illustration through “addictive” use of social media. Addictive Behaviors, 143, Article 107694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107694
Gao, Y., Wang, J., & Dong, G. (2022). The prevalence and possible risk factors of internet gaming disorder among adolescents and young adults: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 154, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.049
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
Gürbüzer, N., & Gürcan-Yıldırım, D. (2025). Behavioral addictions and psychological distress: Insights from psychology students in Eastern Turkey. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, Article 290. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04623-3
Han, X., Zhou, E., & Liu, D. (2024). Electronic media use and sleep quality: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, Article e48356. https://doi.org/10.2196/48356
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(Pt 2), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657
Hunt, A., Merola, G. P., Carpenter, T., & Jaeggi, A. V. (2024). Evolutionary perspectives on substance and behavioural addictions: Distinct and shared pathways to understanding, prediction and prevention. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 159, Article 105603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105603
Karaibrahimoğlu, A., Kişioğlu, A. N., Çoban, B., Yıldırım, A., & Yılmaz, S. D. (2022). Validity and reliability study of Online Gambling Addiction Scale (OGAS). Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(3), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21006
Karakose, T., Yildirim, B., Tülübaş, T., & Kardaş, A. (2023). A comprehensive review on emerging trends in the dynamic evolution of digital addiction and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1126815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126815
Kristensen, J., Pallesen, S., King, D., Hysing, M., & Erevik, E. (2021). Problematic gaming and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 675237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.675237
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLOS ONE, 8(12), Article e83558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
Lin, X., Wang, X., Wang, C., Wu, J., Yang, W., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, R., Hu, J., Wang, F., Yang, J., & Lin, Y. (2025). Bidirectional mediation of psychological distress and food addiction influenced by childhood trauma among adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 375, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.123
Lorains, F. K., Cowlishaw, S., & Thomas, S. A. (2011). Prevalence of comorbid disorders in problem and pathological gambling: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. Addiction, 106(3), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03300.x
Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Fernández-Aranda, F., Lozano-Madrid, M., Granero, R., Mestre-Bach, G., Baño, M., Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Gómez-Peña, M., Aymamí, N., Menchón, J., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2017). Internet gaming disorder and online gambling disorder: Clinical and personality correlates. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.078
Meng, S. Q., Cheng, J. L., Li, Y. Y., Yang, X. Q., Zheng, J. W., Chang, X. W., Shi, Y., Chen, Y., Lu, L., Sun, Y., Bao, Y. P., & Shi, J. (2022). Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, Article 102128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102128
Moreno, M., Riddle, K., Jenkins, M., Singh, A., Zhao, Q., & Eickhoff, J. (2022). Measuring problematic internet use, internet gaming disorder, and social media addiction in young adults: Cross-sectional survey study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 8(1), Article e27719. https://doi.org/10.2196/27719
Morkevičiūtė, M., Endriulaitienė, A., & Poškus, M. S. (2021). Understanding the etiology of workaholism: The results of the systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 36(4), 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2021.1968882
Noyan, C. O., Darçin, A. E., Nurmedov, S., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması [Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students]. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(Suppl. 1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
Özsoy, E. (2020). Bergen İş Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik sınama çalışması [Adaptation of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability testing study]. Psikoloji Çalışmaları–Studies in Psychology, 40(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0002
Parhami, I., Siani, A., Rosenthal, R. J., Lin, S., Collard, M., & Fong, T. W. (2012). Sleep and gambling severity in a community sample of gamblers. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 31(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2011.642754
Pham, P., Thai, T., Huynh, H., Nguyen, L., Nguyen, A., Duong, M., & Bui, H. (2025). Association of smartphone and internet addiction with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 71(4), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640241311856
Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
Ropovik, I., Martončik, M., Babinčák, P., Baník, G., Vargová, L., & Adamkovič, M. (2023). Risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder: A meta-analysis of pre-COVID studies. Addictive Behaviors, 139, Article 107590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107590
Sarıçam, H. (2018). The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 7(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847
Schulte, E. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2017). Development of the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. European Eating Disorders Review, 25(4), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2515
Spagnoli, P., Balducci, C., Fabbri, M., Molinaro, D., & Barbato, G. (2019). Workaholism, intensive smartphone use, and the sleep-wake cycle: A multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), Article 3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193517
Stevens, M. W. R., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106480
Sun, Y., Wang, Z., & Liu, T. (2025). Association of Internet addiction with psychiatric symptom levels and sleep disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1573058. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1573058
Sztainert, T., Wohl, M. J., McManus, J. F., & Stead, J. D. (2014). On being attracted to the possibility of a win: Reward sensitivity (via gambling motives) undermines treatment seeking among pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(4), 901–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9394-5
Tok, Ş., Ekerbiçer, H., & Yazıcı, E. (2023). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 13(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.1221917
Tomczyk, L., & Lizde, E. (2023). Is real screen time a determinant of problematic smartphone and social network use among young people? Telematics and Informatics, 82, Article 101994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2023.101994
Tran, L. T., Wardle, H., Colledge-Frisby, S., Taylor, S., Lynch, M., Rehm, J., Volberg, R., Marionneau, V., Saxena, S., Bunn, C., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2024). The prevalence of gambling and problematic gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 9(8), e594–e613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00126-9
Varchetta, M., Tagliaferri, G., Mari, E., Quaglieri, A., Cricenti, C., Giannini, A. M., & Martí-Vilar, M. (2024). Exploring gender differences in internet addiction and psychological factors: A study in a Spanish sample. Brain Sciences, 14(10), Article 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101037
Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511480
Wang, H. Y., & Cheng, C. (2022). The associations between gaming motivation and internet gaming disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mental Health, 9(2), Article e23700. https://doi.org/10.2196/23700
Zhuang, X., Zhang, Y., Tang, X., Ng, T. K., Lin, J., & Yang, X. (2023). Longitudinal modifiable risk and protective factors of internet gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(2), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.00017
Ayrıntılar
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 Journal of Dependence
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
The Journal and content of this website is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access. The Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) allows users to copy, distribute and transmit unmodified article, and make noncommercial use of the article. The CC BY license permits non-commercial re-use of an open access article, as long as the author is properly attributed.
