Internet gaming disorder severity and chronotype in relation to bedtime procrastination among adults with ADHD symptoms reporting regular digital game engagement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.616Anahtar Kelimeler:
Internet gaming disorder- chronotype- bedtime procrastination- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder- behavioral addictionÖz
Objective: This pilot study examined the associations of internet gaming disorder (IGD) severity and chronotype with bedtime procrastination among adults presenting to a psychiatry outpatient clinic with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. The potential moderating role of chronotype was also explored.
Methods: Eighty-nine adults presenting to a psychiatry outpatient clinic with ADHD symptoms were recruited consecutively. Participants reporting ≥3 hours/week of digital gaming (n = 51) were included in the main analyses. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), chronotype with the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), bedtime procrastination with the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), and IGD severity with the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9- SF). Spearman correlations and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted.
Results: Greater IGD severity was positively associated with bedtime procrastination (rₛ = .413, p = .003), whereas lower MEQ scores (evening chronotype) were associated with higher bedtime procrastination (rₛ = −.541, p < .001). In regression analyses, IGD severity accounted for 22.4% of the variance in bedtime procrastination. Adding chronotype significantly increased explained variance (ΔR² = .215), with the final model accounting for 44.6% of total variance. The interaction between IGDS9-SF and MEQ was not statistically significant (β = .081, p = .467), and the interaction term accounted for a small proportion of variance.
Conclusion: IGD severity and evening chronotype were independently associated with bedtime procrastination in adults with ADHD symptoms, highlighting the clinical relevance of assessing both gaming behavior and circadian preference in relation to sleep-related behaviors.
Referanslar
Aksu, M. H., Yığman, F., & Ekici, E. (2022). Aggression and Coping Strategies in Young Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms. Value in Health Sciences, 12(2), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1108620
Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Bülow, P. H., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Ohayon, M. M., & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 47, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.004
Aydin, T., Arabaci, G., Kilintari, M., Taylor, J., & Parris, B. A. (2024). Inhibitory control ability moderates the relationship between internet addiction and inattention in ADHD in a community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 230, 112804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112804
Cabelguen, C., Rocher, B., Leboucher, J., Schreck, B., Challet-Bouju, G., Hardouin, J. B., & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder: Frequency and associated factors in a clinical sample of patients with Gaming Disorder. Journal of behavioral addictions, 10(4), 1061–1067. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00074
Carciofo, R., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2025). Eveningness and Procrastination: An Exploration of Relationships with Mind Wandering, Sleep Quality, Self-Control, and Depression. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 15(5), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15050079
Culnan, E., McCullough, L. M., & Wyatt, J. K. (2019). Circadian rhythm sleep-wake phase disorders. Neurologic Clinics, 37(3), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2019.04.003
Darvesh, N., Radhakrishnan, A., Lachance, C. C., Nincic, V., Sharpe, J. P., Ghassemi, M., Straus, S. E., & Tricco, A. C. (2020). Exploring the prevalence of gaming disorder and Internet gaming disorder: a rapid scoping review. Systematic reviews, 9(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01329-2
Díaz-Morales, J. F., Ferrari, J. R., & Cohen, J. R. (2008). Indecision and avoidant procrastination: the role of morningness-eveningness and time perspective in chronic delay lifestyles. The Journal of general psychology, 135(3), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.3.228-240
Doğan, S., Öncü, B., Varol Saraçoğlu, G., & Küçükgöncü, S. (2009). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1). Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 10(2), 77–87.
Dong, G. H., & Potenza, M. N. (2022). Considering gender differences in the study and treatment of internet gaming disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 153, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.057
Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., Kutlu, N., Evren, B., & Pontes, H. M. (2018). Psychometric validation of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF). Psychiatry Research, 265, 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.002
Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
Güleç, G. (2020). İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu belirtileri ve tanısı. In C. Evren (Ed.), Davranışsal bağımlılıklar: Temel başvuru kitabı (pp. 351–363). Türk Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları.
Horne, J. A., & Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness–eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology, 4(2), 97–110.
Hsu, T. W., Yen, J. Y., Yeh, W. C., & Ko, C. H. (2024). Circadian typology and physical activity in young adults with gaming disorder. Medicina, 60(12), 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60121950
Juda, M., Vetter, C., & Roenneberg, T. (2013). Chronotype modulates sleep duration, sleep quality, and social jet lag in shift-workers. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 28(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730412475042
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone S., Hiripi E., Howes M. J., Jin R., Secnik K., Spencer T. & Ustun T. B. (2005). The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002892
Kim, H. S., Son, G., Roh, E. B., Ahn W. Y., Kim J., Shin S. H., Chey J. & Choi K. H. (2022). Prevalence of gaming disorder: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 126, 107183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107183
Kühnel J, Syrek CJ & Dreher A (2018) Why Don’t You Go to Bed on Time? A Daily Diary Study on the Relationships between Chronotype, Self-Control Resources and the Phenomenon of Bedtime Procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 9:77. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00077
Kristensen, J. H., Pallesen, S., King, D. L., Hysing, M., & Erevik, E. K. (2021). Problematic gaming and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 675237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.675237
Kroese, F. M., De Ridder, D. T. D., Evers, C., & Adriaanse, M. A. (2014). Bedtime procrastination: Introducing a new area of procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00611
Lack, L. C., & Wright, H. R. (2007). Clinical Management of Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 5(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402000709336726
LeBourgeois, M. K., Hale, L., Chang, A. M., Akacem, L. D., Montgomery-Downs, H. E., & Buxton, O. M. (2017). Digital media and sleep in childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement_2), S92-S96. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758J
Liau, A. K., Neo, E. C., Gentile, D. A., Sim, T., & Khoo, A. (2015). Impulsivity, self-regulation, and pathological video gaming among youth: Testing a mediation model. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP2188–NP2196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511429369
Lin, Y. J., Yen, J. Y., Lin, P. C., Liu, T. L., Chen, C. S., & Ko, C. H. (2023). Circadian typologies and insomnia in individuals with internet gaming disorder comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Scientific Reports, 13, 12764. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39462-2
Liu, H., Qiao, X., & Shi, X. (2025). Longitudinal associations between sleep disturbance trajectories and internet gaming disorder mediated by self-control: A six-wave longitudinal investigation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 18, 169–180. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S488974
Liu, Z. Y., Chen, Y. J., Bian, T. Y., Xiang Y., Yuan R., Han-xue Yang H. (2025). Associations among smartphone addiction, chronotype, and bedtime procrastination: Bayesian network analysis and pilot intervention. Current Psychology, 44, 3326–3339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07407-9
Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
Pündük, Z., Gür, H., & Ercan, I. (2005). Reliability study of the Turkish version of the morningness–eveningness questionnaire. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 16(1), 40–45.
Scharkow, M., Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of problematic computer game use among adolescents and adults: A 2-year panel study. Addiction, 109(11), 1910–1917. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12662
Simiyon, M., Ramamurthy, P., Kattula, D., & Jones, S. (2025). Association between chronotypes and addiction among adults: A systematic review. BJPsych Open, 11(Suppl 1), S69. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10230
Soni, R., Upadhyay, R., & Jain, M. (2017). Prevalence of smartphone addiction, sleep quality and associated behaviour problems in adolescents. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(2), 515–519. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170142
Steardo, L., D’Angelo, M., Di Stefano, V., Vignapiano, A., Panarello, E., Monaco, F., Fornaro, M., & Steardo, L. (2025). Chronotype and substance use disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis on the impact of circadian misalignment on psychopathology and clinical course. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 82, 102116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102116
Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
Şenel, A., Atılgan, E., Turhan, M., et al. (2021). Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorders. Journal of Dependence, 22(3), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.880452
Taylor, B. J., Bowman, M. A., Brindle, A., Hasler, B. P., Roecklein, K. A., Krafty, R. T., Matthews, K. A., & Hall, M. H. (2020). Evening chronotype, alcohol use disorder severity, and emotion regulation in college students. Chronobiology International, 37(12), 1725–1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1800028
Uygur, Ö. F., & Bahar, A. (2023). The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and bedtime procrastination. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 13(2), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1242778
Yeh, Y. C., Wang, P. W., Huang, M. F., Lin, P. C., Chen, C. S., & Ko, C. H. (2017). The procrastination of Internet gaming disorder in young adults: The clinical severity. Psychiatry Research, 254, 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.055
Yen, J. Y., Liu, T. L., Wang, P. W., Chen, C. S., Yen, C. F., & Ko, C. H. (2017). Association between Internet gaming disorder and adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and their correlates: Impulsivity and hostility. Addictive behaviors, 64, 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.024
Yıldırım, S., & Kişioğlu, A. N. (2018). New diseases due to technology: nomophobia, netlessphobia, FoMO. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University, 25(4), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.380640
Yılmaz Dinç, S., Koçhan, K., & Zat, Z. (2016). The validity and reliability of the bedtime procrastination scale. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5(9), 57–62.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 Journal of Dependence
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
The Journal and content of this website is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access. The Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) allows users to copy, distribute and transmit unmodified article, and make noncommercial use of the article. The CC BY license permits non-commercial re-use of an open access article, as long as the author is properly attributed.
